Version:
  8.2.3
Author:

  Roberto Alsina <ralsina@netmanagers.com.ar>

This document is a reference about themes. If you want a tutorial, please read Creating a Theme. If you’re looking for a ready-made theme for your site, check out the Themes Index.

# The Structure

Themes are located in the `themes` folder where Nikola is installed, and in the `themes` folder of your site, one folder per theme. The folder name is the theme name.

A Nikola theme consists of the following folders (they are all optional):

assets

  This is where you would put your CSS, JavaScript and image files. It will be copied into `output/assets` when you build the site, and the templates will contain references to them. The default subdirectories are `css`, `js`, `xml` and `fonts` (Bootstrap).

  The included themes use Bootstrap, baguetteBox, Justified Layout by Flickr and Luxon, so they are in assets, along with CSS files for syntax highlighting, reStructuredText and Jupyter, as well as a minified copy of jQuery.

  If you want to base your theme on other frameworks (or on no framework at all) just remember to put there everything you need for deployment. (Not all of the listed assets are used by `base`)

templates

  This contains the templates used to generate the pages. While Nikola will use a certain set of template names by default, you can add others for specific parts of your site.

messages

  Nikola tries to be multilingual. This is where you put the strings for your theme so that it can be translated into other languages.

less, sass

  Files to be compiled into CSS using LESS and Sass (both require plugins)

This mandatory file:

<theme>.theme

  An INI file containing theme meta data. The file format is described in detail below, in the Theme meta files section.

And these optional files:

parent, engine

  One-line text files that contain the names of parent and engine themes, respectively. Those are needed for older versions (Nikola v7.8.5 and older).

bundles

  A config file containing a list of files to be turned into bundles. For example:

      assets/css/all.css=
          bootstrap.min.css,
          rst_base.css,
          nikola_rst.css,
          code.css,
          baguetteBox.min.css,
          theme.css,
          custom.css,

  This creates a file called "assets/css/all.css" in your output that is the combination of all the other file paths, relative to the output file. This makes the page much more efficient because it avoids multiple connections to the server, at the cost of some extra difficult debugging.

  Bundling applies to CSS and JS files.

  Templates should use either the bundle or the individual files based on the `use_bundles` variable, which in turn is set by the `USE_BUNDLES` option.

# Theme meta files

As of Nikola v7.8.6, Nikola uses meta files for themes. Those are INI files, with the same name as your theme, and a `.theme` extension, eg. `bootstrap3.theme`. Here is an example, from the bootstrap3 theme:

    [Theme]
    engine = mako
    parent = base
    author = The Nikola Contributors
    author_url = https://getnikola.com/
    based_on = Bootstrap 3 <https://getbootstrap.com/>
    license = MIT
    tags = bootstrap

    [Family]
    family = bootstrap3
    jinja_version = bootstrap3-jinja
    variants = bootstrap3-gradients, bootstrap3-gradients-jinja

    [Nikola]
    bootswatch = True

The following keys are currently supported:

- `Theme` — contains information about the theme.

  - `engine` — engine used by the theme. Should be `mako` or `jinja`.

  - `parent` — the parent theme. Any resources missing in this theme, will be looked up in the parent theme (and then in the grandparent, etc).

    The parent is so you don’t have to create a full theme each time: just create an empty theme, set the parent, and add the bits you want modified. You must define a parent, otherwise many features won’t work due to missing templates, messages, and assets.

    The following settings are recommended:

    - If your theme uses Bootstrap 3, inherit the `bootstrap3` theme.

    - If your theme uses Jinja as a template engine, inherit `base-jinja` or `bootstrap3-jinja`

    - In any other case, inherit `base`.

  - `author`, `author_url` — used to identify theme author.

  - `based_on` — optional list of inspirations, frameworks, etc. used in the theme. Should be comma-separated, the format `Name <URL>` is recommended.

  - `license` — theme license. Pick MIT if you have no preference.

  - `tags` — optional list of tags (comma-separated) to describe the theme.

- `Family` — contains information about other related themes. All values optional. (Do not use unless you have related themes.)

  - `family` — the name of the main theme in a family, which is also used as the family name.

  - `mako_version`, `jinja_version` — name of the mako/jinja version of the theme.

  - `variants` — comma-separated list of stylistic variants (other than the mako/jinja version listed above)

- `Nikola` — Nikola-specific information, currently optional.

  - `bootswatch` — whether or not theme supports Bootswatch styling (optional, defaults to False)

  - `ignored_assets` — comma-separated list of assets to ignore (relative to the `assets/` directory, eg. `css/theme.css`)

# Templates

In templates there is a number of files whose name ends in `.tmpl`. Those are the theme’s page templates. They are done using the Mako or Jinja2 template languages. If you want to do a theme, you should learn one first. What engine is used by the theme is declared in the `engine` file.

Tip

If you are using Mako templates, and want some extra speed when building the site you can install Beaker and make templates be cached

Both template engines have a nifty concept of template inheritance. That means that a template can inherit from another and only change small bits of the output. For example, `base.tmpl` defines the whole layout for a page but has only a placeholder for content so `post.tmpl` only define the content, and the layout is inherited from `base.tmpl`.

Another concept is theme inheritance. You do not need to duplicate all the default templates in your theme — you can just override the ones you want changed, and the rest will come from the parent theme. (Every theme needs a parent.)

Apart from the built-in templates listed below, you can add other templates for specific pages, which the user can then use in his `POSTS` or `PAGES` option in `conf.py`. Also, you can specify a custom template to be used by a post or page via the `template` metadata, and custom templates can be added in the `templates/` folder of your site.

If you want to modify (override) a built-in template, use `nikola theme -c <name>.tmpl`. This command will copy the specified template file to the `templates/` directory of your currently used theme.

Keep in mind that your theme is yours, so you can require whatever data you want (eg. you may depend on specific custom `GLOBAL_CONTEXT` variables, or post meta attributes). You don’t need to keep the same theme structure as the default themes do (although many of those names are hardcoded). Inheriting from at least `base` (or `base-jinja`) is heavily recommended, but not strictly required (unless you want to share it on the Themes Index).

# Built-in templates

These are the templates that come with the included themes:

`base.tmpl`

  This template defines the basic page layout for the site. It’s mostly plain HTML but defines a few blocks that can be re-defined by inheriting templates.

  It has some separate pieces defined in `base_helper.tmpl`, `base_header.tmpl` and `base_footer.tmpl` so they can be easily overridden.

`index.tmpl`

  Template used to render the multipost indexes. The posts are in a `posts` variable. Some functionality is in the `index_helper.tmpl` helper template.

`archive_navigation_helper.tmpl` (internal)

  Code that implements archive navigation (previous/up/next). Included by archive templates.

`archiveindex.tmpl`

  Used to display archives, if `ARCHIVES_ARE_INDEXES` is True. By default, it just inherits `index.tmpl`, with added archive navigation and feeds.

`author.tmpl`

  Used to display author pages.

`authorindex.tmpl`

  Used to display author indexes, if `AUTHOR_PAGES_ARE_INDEXES` is True. By default, it just inherits `index.tmpl`, with added feeds.

`comments_helper.tmpl` (internal)

  This template handles comments. You should probably never touch it :-) It uses a bunch of helper templates, one for each supported comment system (all of which start with `comments_helper`)

`ui_helper.tmpl`, `pagination_helper.tmpl`

  These templates help render specific UI items, and can be tweaked as needed.

`gallery.tmpl`

  Template used for image galleries. Interesting data includes:

  - `post`: A post object, containing descriptive `post.text()` for the gallery.

  - `crumbs`: A list of `link, crumb` to implement breadcrumbs.

  - `folders`: A list of folders to implement hierarchical gallery navigation.

  - `enable_comments`: To enable/disable comments in galleries.

  - `thumbnail_size`: The `THUMBNAIL_SIZE` option.

  - `photo_array`: a list of dictionaries, each containing:

    - `url`: URL for the full-sized image.

    - `url_thumb`: URL for the thumbnail.

    - `title`: The title of the image.

    - `size`: A dict containing `w` and `h`, the real size of the thumbnail.

  - `photo_array_json`: a JSON dump of photo_array, used by the `justified-layout` script

`list.tmpl`

  Template used to display generic lists of links, which it gets in `items`, a list of (text, link, count) elements.

`list_post.tmpl`

  Template used to display generic lists of posts, which it gets in `posts`.

`listing.tmpl`

  Used to display code listings.

`math_helper.tmpl` (internal)

  Used to add MathJax/KaTeX code to pages.

`post.tmpl`

  Template used by default for blog posts, gets the data in a `post` object which is an instance of the Post class. Some functionality is in the `post_helper.tmpl` and `post_header.tmpl` templates.

`post_list_directive.tmpl`

  Template used by the `post_list` reStructuredText directive.

`page.tmpl`

  Used for pages that are not part of a blog, usually a cleaner, less intrusive layout than `post.tmpl`, but same parameters.

`tag.tmpl`

  Used to show the contents of a single tag or category.

`tagindex.tmpl`

  Used to show the contents of a single tag or category, if `TAG_PAGES_ARE_INDEXES` is True. By default, it just inherits `index.tmpl`, with added feeds and some extra features.

`tags.tmpl`

  Used to display the list of tags and categories.

# Variables available in templates

The full, complete list of variables available in templates is maintained in a separate document: Template variables

# Customizing themes to user color preference, colorizing category names

The user’s preference for theme color is exposed in templates as `theme_color` set in the `THEME_COLOR` option.

This theme color is exposed to the browser in default themes — some browsers might use this color in the user interface (eg. Chrome on Android in light mode displays the toolbar in this color).

Nikola also comes with support for auto-generating colors similar to a base color. This can be used with `theme_color` and eg. category names. This feature is exposed to templates as two functions: `colorize_str(string, hex_color, presets)` and `colorize_str_from_base_color(string, hex_color)`. If you want to display the category name in the color, first define a list of overrides in your `conf.py` file:

    # end of conf.py
    GLOBAL_CONTEXT = {
        "category_colors": {
            "Blue": "#0000FF"
        }
    }

With that definition, you can now use `colorize_str` in your templates like this:

    <!-- Mako -->
    <span style="background-color: ${colorize_str(post.meta('category'), theme_color, category_colors)}">${post.meta('category')}</span>

    <!-- Jinja2 -->
    <span style="background-color: {{ colorize_str(post.meta('category'), theme_color, category_colors) }}">{{ post.meta('category') }}</span>

Note that the category named “Blue” will be displyed in #0000FF due to the override specified in your config; other categories will have an auto-generated color visually similar to your theme color.

Hex color values, like that returned by the theme or string colorization can be altered in the HSL colorspace through the function `color_hsl_adjust_hex(hex_string, adjust_h, adjust_s, adjust_l)`. Adjustments are given in values between 1.0 and -1.0. For example, the theme color can be made lighter using this code:

    <!-- Mako -->
    <span style="color: ${color_hsl_adjust_hex(theme_color, adjust_l=0.05)}">

    <!-- Jinja2 -->
    <span style="color: {{ color_hsl_adjust_hex(theme_color, adjust_l=0.05) }}">

# Identifying and customizing different kinds of pages with a shared template

Nikola provides a `pagekind` in each template contexts that can be used to modify shared templates based on the context it’s being used. For example, the `base_helper.tmpl` is used in all pages, `index.tmpl` is used in many contexts and you may want to add or remove something from only one of these contexts.

Example of conditionally loading different resources on all index pages (archives, author pages, and tag pages), and others again to the front page and in every post pages:

    <!-- Mako -->
    <head>
        …
        % if 'index' in pagekind:
            <link href="/assets/css/multicolumn.css" rel="stylesheet">
        % endif
        % if 'front_page' in pagekind:
            <link href="/assets/css/fancy_homepage.css" rel="stylesheet">
            <script src="/assets/js/post_carousel.js"></script>
        % endif
        % if 'post_page' in pagekind:
            <link href="/assets/css/article.css" rel="stylesheet">
            <script src="/assets/js/comment_system.js"></script>
        % endif
    </head>

    <!-- Jinja2 -->
    <head>
        …
        {% if 'index' in pagekind %}
            <link href="/assets/css/multicolumn.css" rel="stylesheet">
        {% endif %}
        {% if 'front_page' in pagekind %}
            <link href="/assets/css/fancy_homepage.css" rel="stylesheet">
            <script src="/assets/js/post_carousel.js"></script>
        {% endif %}
        {% if 'post_page' in pagekind %}
            <link href="/assets/css/article.css" rel="stylesheet">
            <script src="/assets/js/comment_system.js"></script>
        {% endif %}
    </head>

Promoting visits to the front page when visiting other filtered `index.tmpl` page variants such as author pages and tag pages. This could have been included in `index.tmpl` or maybe in `base.tmpl` depending on what you want to achieve.

    <!-- Mako -->
    % if 'index' in pagekind:
        % if 'author_page' in pagekind:
            <p>These posts were written by ${author}. See posts by all
               authors on the <a href="/">front page</a>.</p>
        % elif 'tag_page' in pagekind:
            <p>This is a filtered selection of posts tagged “${tag}”, visit
               the <a href="/">front page</a> to see all posts.</p>
        % endif
    % endif

    <!-- Jinja2 -->
    {% if 'index' in pagekind %}
        {% if 'author_page' in pagekind %}
            <p>These posts were written by {{ author }}. See posts by all
               authors on the <a href="/">front page</a>.</p>
        {% elif 'tag_page' in pagekind %}
            <p>This is a filtered selection of posts tagged “{{ tag }}”, visit
               the <a href="/">front page</a> to see all posts.</p>
        {% endif %}
    {% endif %}

List of page kinds provided by default plugins:

- front_page

- index

- index, archive_page

- index, author_page

- index, main_index

- index, tag_page

- list

- list, archive_page

- list, author_page

- list, tag_page

- list, tags_page

- post_page

- page_page

- story_page

- listing

- generic_page

- gallery_front

- gallery_page

# Messages and Translations

The included themes are translated into a variety of languages. You can add your own translation at https://www.transifex.com/projects/p/nikola/

If you want to create a theme that has new strings, and you want those strings to be translatable, then your theme will need a custom `messages` folder.

# LESS and Sass

Note

The LESS and Sass compilers were moved to the Plugins Index in Nikola v7.0.0.

If you want to use those CSS extensions, you can — just store your files in the `less` or `sass` directory of your theme.

In order to have them work, you need to create a list of `.less` or `.scss/.sass` files to compile — the list should be in a file named `targets` in the respective directory (`less`/`sass`).

The files listed in the `targets` file will be passed to the respective compiler, which you have to install manually (`lessc` which comes from the Node.js package named `less` or `sass` from a Ruby package aptly named `sass`). Whatever the compiler outputs will be saved as a CSS file in your rendered site, with the `.css` extension.

Note

Conflicts may occur if you have two files with the same base name but a different extension. Pay attention to how you name your files or your site won’t build! (Nikola will tell you what’s wrong when this happens)